Swedish Occupation

1600-1629 Polish-Swedish War

1621 Riga surrenders to the King of Sweden, Gustav II Adolph, and loses its independence.

1631 The first secondary school for non-Germans is founded.

1634 The first manufacturing begins in Riga – the lumber-mill of Rutger Niderhof

1656-1661 Russian-Swedish War. In 1656 Russian Tsar Aleksey Mikhailovich besieges the city, but fails to take it over.

1662 First central aqueduct is established in Riga

1683 First Latvian ABC book is printed in Riga

1698 First Bible in Latvian is printed in Riga (translated by E. Glick)